Projecten in Nederland
Slechts 20 landen in de wereld hebben minder bosbedekking dan Nederland. Desondanks, op hier en daar kleinschalige acties en schoolprojecten na, zijn er in Nederland helaas nauwelijks projecten. Op deze pagina leggen we uit waarom.
Kort antwoord
Het weinige bosgebied dat in Nederland nog heeft is in eigendom en wordt gelukkig goed beheerd. Nederland heeft het hoogste percentage bos dat in eigendom is ter wereld.
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Het weinige bosgebied dat in Nederland nog heeft is in eigendom en wordt gelukkig goed beheerd. Nederland heeft het hoogste percentage bos dat in eigendom is ter wereld.
Het resterende bos in Nederland is dus in goede handen. We willen er echter dolgraag meer bij, en dat is met slechts 11% bosbedekking geen overdaad.
De overige 89% van het Nederlandse grond heeft een andere bestemming en mag niet worden bebost. Kortom, voor meer bos moet eerst iets weg.
Help ons om de deze petitie te tekenen, zodat we in de toekomst ook in Nederland voor meer bosbestemming kunnen zorgen.
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Inhoudsopgave
Bos in Nederland
In Nederland is een periode geweest dat het land grotendeels bedekt was met bossen. De naam Holland (‘Holtland’ of ‘Houtland’) verwijst hier ook naar. Anno 2022 beslaat bos in Nederland 10,6% van de totale landoppervlakte. Daarmee is Nederland een van de dunstbeboste landen van Europa.
Alleen Cyprus en IJsland hebben minder bos. Dat komt doordat de bossen al heel vroeg in de geschiedenis voor allerlei doeleinden zijn gekapt. Vooral de hoge bevolkingsdruk in Nederland heeft een grote rol gespeeld, waardoor veel ruimte nodig was voor akkerbouw en veeteelt (zo zijn de heidevelden in het zuiden en oosten van Nederland ontstaan), voor bewoning, voor wegen en voor industrie.
Ook werd er veel bos gekapt ten behoeve van menselijk gebruik: koken en verwarming (brandhout), meubels en houtproducten (bijvoorbeeld papier), scheepsbouw en later mijnbouw. Anderzijds hebben soms natuurlijke processen gezorgd voor ontbossing. Zo raakten veel bossen door veenvorming verstikt, waardoor veenmoerassen ontstonden.
Oppervlakte
Alle huidige bossen in Nederland zijn aangeplant. Het laatste ‘oerbos’, het Beekbergerwoud, werd tussen 1869 en 1871 gekapt. Desalniettemin neemt het bosareaal in Nederland al 250 jaar lang voortdurend toe. De situatie bevond zich midden 18e eeuw op een dieptepunt. Destijds was in wat nu Nederland is nog 50.000 ha bos over. Sindsdien nam de oppervlakte naar schatting als volgt toe:
- 1750: 50.000 ha (2%)
- 1850: 100.000 ha (3%)
- 1950: 250.000 ha (7%)
- 2002: 360.000 ha (10,6%)
In 1994 formuleerde het ministerie van Landbouw, Natuurbeheer en Visserij de doelstelling om in 2020 420.000 ha bos te hebben, wat uitzicht biedt op 500.000 ha bos (15% van de landoppervlakte) in 2050.
Het kabinet-Balkenende II heeft echter het beleid ten aanzien van natuurontwikkeling veranderd, door meer nadruk te leggen op particulier initiatief, bijvoorbeeld van boeren. Hierdoor is de aangroei van het bosareaal gestagneerd.
Het vergroten van het bosoppervlak past in het beleid om aan de sterk gegroeide vraag naar recreatiegebied te voldoen. Een grote uitdaging hierbij is het aanleggen van recreatiegebieden in het bosarme westen van Nederland. Met name rond Amsterdam, Rotterdam en Den Haag is een ernstig tekort aan dergelijke gebieden. Een voorbeeldproject in deze richting is het Bentwoud bij Benthuizen. De ruimte is echter schaars geworden in deze regio’s, waardoor het moeilijk is om voldoende grond te vinden die blijvend als recreatiegebied kan worden ingevuld, zonder de nodige uitbreidingsmogelijkheden op het gebied van wonen en werken in gevaar te brengen.
Ook bestaan er tegengestelde visies tussen enerzijds stedelingen die recreatiegebied zoeken en anderzijds de bewoners van potentiële recreatiegebieden die het landschap het liefst zo veel mogelijk ongemoeid willen laten. Zo is meermaals gebleken dat natuurontwikkeling op verzet kan stuiten.
Een andere drijfveer voor de overheid om het bosareaal te vergroten is de totstandbrenging van een ecologische hoofdstructuur. Deze is bedoeld om een aaneengesloten natuurlandschap te ontwikkelen, waarin wild zonder ondoordringbare hindernissen van het ene naar het andere natuurgebied kan migreren.
Leeftijd
Uit de cijfers over de bosoppervlakte volgt al dat de gemiddelde leeftijd van de Nederlandse bossen vrij laag moet liggen. Dit is inderdaad het geval, te meer een deel van de oudste bossen tussentijds nog is verdwenen, zoals het Beekbergerwoud.
In 1985 stamde slechts 36.000 ha bos (11% van het totaal) uit de periode van vóór 1800, 27% dateerde uit de 19e eeuw en 44% uit de 20e eeuw (18% kon niet worden geclassificeerd).
Enkele van de oudste bossen van Nederland zijn het Norgerholt (25 ha) bij Norg en de Boswachterij Speulderbos (3.300 ha) bij Speuld.
Deze cijfers zeggen overigens niets over de ouderdom van bomen, die gemiddeld maar zo’n 100 tot 150 jaar oud worden. De naar algemeen aannemen oudste boom van Nederland staat in het Noord-Brabantse Sambeek, echter niet in een bos. Kijkt men naar de leeftijd van de bomen in bossen, dan is 34% tot 40 jaar oud, 46% tussen 40 en 80 jaar oud, 18% tussen 80 en 120 jaar oud en slechts 2% ouder dan 120 jaar.
Bostypen
Er worden vier verschillende typen bos in Nederland onderscheiden: productiebossen, schermbossen, landgoedbossen en spontane bossen.
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Productiebos
Productiebossen vormen veruit de grootste groep, ze omvatten 57% van het totaal. Bossen van dit type werden hoofdzakelijk aangelegd op heidevelden en dan vooral in de 19e en de eerste helft van de 20e eeuw. De oudste productiebossen stammen echter al uit de 16e eeuw en zijn hoofdzakelijk in Noord-Brabant te vinden: de Wouwse Plantage uit 1504-1540 is het oudste voorbeeld, gevolgd door het Mastbos bij Breda uit 1516.
Lange tijd bleven deze bossen uitzonderingen. Pas in de tweede helft van de 18e eeuw begon de grootschalige aanleg van productiebossen, waarvan de Entel bij Borculo uit 1759 een van de vroegste voorbeelden is.
Heide had van oudsher een betekenis voor de veeteelt als weidegebied voor schapen. Heideplaggen dienden daarnaast als mest voor de essen, maar door de invoering van kunstmest ging de schapenhouderij eind 19e eeuw sterk achteruit en verloor de heide zijn functie. In het zuiden van Nederland, waar de heidevelden in handen waren van de gemeente, was al veel eerder de bebossing op gang gekomen, doordat het lucratief was heidegronden te verkopen aan bosbouwers – bijna uitsluitend grootgrondbezitters.
In het oosten van Nederland waren de heidevelden in handen van de markegenootschappen – de gemeenschappelijke organisaties van boeren in een dorp. Deze hielden veel langer dan elders vast aan hun gronden. Pas toen door de Markewet van 1886 markedelingen interessant werden, kwamen de gronden hier in eigendom van individuele boeren. Vervolgens werden diverse gronden aangekocht door grootgrondbezitters, daarin ondersteund door de Nederlandsche Heidemaatschappij, of door het in 1899 opgerichte Staatsbosbeheer met het doel ze te bebossen.
Meer dan de helft van alle productiebossen dateren dan ook van na 1900. Veelal gaat het om naaldbossen van uitheemse soorten als hemlockspar, weymouthden, fijnspar, zilverspar, lariks en douglasspar.
Van de drie inheemse naaldboomsoorten – taxus (venijnboom), jeneverbes en grove den – is alleen de grove den in groten getale aangeplant.
Een probleem bij deze bossen vormt de eentonigheid van aanplanting: alle bomen zijn van dezelfde soort en tegelijk aangeplant, dus van gelijke leeftijdsklasse. Ook worden de bossen gekenmerkt door rechthoekige percelen met rechte lanen, gericht op een zo doelmatig mogelijke bosbouw. De aandacht is sinds de jaren 1980 verschoven naar natuurwaarden en recreatie, waardoor diversificatie van het boombestand (verschillende soorten en leeftijden door elkaar aanplanten) en de aanleg van kronkelende wandelpaden meer gebruikelijk geworden is.
Schermbossen
Schermbossen zijn bossen die een buffer vormen tegen bedreigende of nadelige elementen in het landschap. 13% van de Nederlandse bossen behoren tot deze categorie.
Moderne schermbossen zijn bijvoorbeeld langs snelwegen te vinden, mede om de geluidshinder tegen te gaan. Veruit de meeste schermbossen ontstonden echter als stuifzand- of duinbossen, om zandverstuivingen te beteugelen.
Deze zandverstuivingen ontstonden in heide- en duingebieden door te intensieve veehouderij, te grootschalig steken van plaggen of door de invloed van zee. Het opstuivende zand werd een bedreiging voor de landbouw en soms zelfs voor dorpen.
In vroeger tijden werden deze stuifzanden bestreden door het gebruik van het gebied (schapen weiden, plaggen steken) tijdelijk te verbieden, of door houtwallen aan te leggen. Vanaf de 18e eeuw begint men met het beplanten van de zandverstuivingen met helmgras. In de 19e eeuw worden veel gebieden op grote schaal bebost, vooral met grove dennen
Het oudste bebossing gebeurde echter al in 1750 bij Harskamp. Hierdoor zijn de meeste stuifzandgebieden verdwenen of drastisch verkleind. Het grootste stuifzand van Nederland en zelfs van heel West-Europa, het Kootwijkerzand (700 ha), omvat vandaag slechts een fractie van de oorspronkelijke grootte. Ook de Loonse en Drunense Duinen zijn door bebossing in oppervlakte teruggedrongen.
Landgoed- en recreatiebossen
Vanaf de zeventiende eeuw ontstond er bij de bovenlaag van de bevolking tijd en vooral geld voor recreatie. Zij waren dan ook de eersten die de natuur gebruikten als vrijetijdsbesteding.
Rijke Hollandse kooplieden legden in de zeventiende en achttiende eeuw buitenplaatsen aan: een landhuis met een grote siertuin op een omliggend landgoed. Deze zijn te vinden in de duingebieden, langs de Utrechtse Vecht en op de Utrechtse Heuvelrug, waar zelfs een aaneenschakeling van buitenplaatsen ontstond, bekend geworden als de Stichtse Lustwarande.
Aanvankelijk werden de siertuinen volgens een strak, geometrisch model ingericht, naar het voorbeeld van de Franse tuinen bij bijvoorbeeld Versailles. Later, vanaf midden achttiende eeuw, groeide de belangstelling voor Engelse tuinen met natuurlijke vormen en kwam vanuit Engeland de landschapsstijl opzetten, die wat minder onderhoudsintensief was en door zijn vloeiende lijnen een betere overgang naar de bossen in de omgeving toeliet.
Waar in vlakke, meer open gebieden als het Amstel- en Vechtgebied de oudere geometrische tuinen beter tot hun recht kwamen, waren de nieuwere tuinen op de bos- en reliëfrijke Utrechtse Heuvelrug uitermate geschikt voor de landschapsstijl. Het bomenbestand werd zo afwisselend mogelijk gemaakt, met veel gebruik van exotische soorten. Globaal kan een patroon onderscheiden worden, waarbij in toenemende afstand vanuit het buitenhuis eerst tuin en park, dan gemengd loofbos en dan naaldhoutbos voor de productie van hakhout te onderscheiden is.
Vanaf eind negentiende eeuw, begin twintigste eeuw wordt vrije tijd voor steeds meer mensen bereikbaar. Vanaf dan ontstaan er ook parkachtige bossen in en om de grote steden, mede ter verbetering van de levensomstandigheden.
Het diversifiëren en het aanleggen van kronkelpaden in productiebossen, mede ter bevordering van de aantrekkelijkheid voor de recreatie, moet ook in deze context gezien worden.
Spontane bossen
Spontane bossen ontstaan op plaatsen waar de mens niet meer ingrijpt in het landschap. De natuur gaat dan zijn gang en de vegetatie groeit dicht tot een bos. Spontaan bos ontstond vooral vanaf eind 19e eeuw op heidevelden die dankzij kunstmest overbodig waren geworden. Doordat er geen schapen meer grazen schieten her en der steeds meer bomen op die de heide langzaam dichtgroeien. Dit is het beste bewijs dat heidevelden een door ingrijpen van de mens ontstaan landschap.
Een deel van het spontane bos werd als een vorm van natuurbeheer teruggedrongen om zo het heideveld te kunnen behouden. Waar dit niet gebeurde, verdichtte het bos zich langzaam tot ‘opgaand bos’, waarmee het proces van natuurlijke bebossing van het heideveld voltooid is.
Overige bossen
Er bestaan nog diverse andere soorten bos. Een belangrijke cultuurhistorische categorie vormen de strubbenbossen rond esdorpen, bijvoorbeeld in Drenthe.
Deze kleine bossen zijn veelal eeuwenoud en hadden een meervoudige functie als hakhoutbos en als buffer naar het heideveld om te voorkomen dat de schapen de dichter bij het dorp gelegen essen opliepen. Door vraat van schapen konden de bosjes echter niet uitgroeien tot ‘opgaand bos’ en bleven ze beperkt tot ‘strubben’, struikachtige bomen.
Samenstelling
De oudste bossen waren grotendeels gemengd loofbos. De meeste loofbomen zijn inheems, in tegenstelling tot veel naaldsoorten die pas later zijn ingevoerd. De meeste bossen die in de 19e en begin 20e eeuw werden aangeplant, zijn naaldbossen.
Alleen op landgoederen vindt men veel gemengde bossen, omdat de eigenaren een zo groot mogelijke soortenrijkdom nastreefden. Productiebossen die in de polder werden aangelegd, zijn vaak (uitheemse) populieren. Vanwege de eentonigheid van veel naaldbossen, plant men de laatste decennia in bestaande en nieuwe bossen vooral loofbomen aan, waardoor het areaal loofbossen sterk groeit.
Van de totale oppervlakte “opgaand bos” in 2022 – in totaal 260.000 ha – was 61,5% naaldbos en 38,2% loofbos. Twintig jaar eerder was in opgaand bos het aandeel naaldbos nog 71,2% en het aandeel loofbos 28,7%.
Er is dus sprake van een zeer snelle verandering van de bossamenstelling door op grote schaal loofbomen in eentonige naaldbossen aan te planten. Gemeten naar mengingstype was in 2022 het ongemengd naaldbos met 30% weliswaar nog het meest voorkomende type, maar vergeleken met 2000 is het aandeel wel met een kwart teruggelopen. Ongemengd loofbos steeg in dezelfde periode van 17% naar 22%, gemengd loofbos van 11% naar 15%.
De belangrijkste boomsoorten en geslachten in 2022 zijn in volgorde van bosareaal
- grove den (36,9%)
eik (17,4%)
lariks (7,3%)
douglasspar (7,2%)
populier en wilg (6,3%)
spar (4,4%)
berk (3,7%)
beuk (3,0%)
es (2,7%)
Amerikaanse eik (2,3%)
esdoorn (1,1%)
els (1,0%).
Vergeleken met 20 jaar eerder neemt het areaal van eik, berk, es, esdoorn, els en douglas duidelijk toe, terwijl dat van grove den en spar afneemt.
versnippering en verbinding
Doordat Nederland dichtbevolkt is, is de versnippering van bos- en natuurgebieden een belangrijk probleem. Om die reden werd in de jaren 1990 een ecologische hoofdstructuur vastgelegd, die alle natuurgebieden van Nederland met elkaar moet verbinden.
Het grootste bosgebied van Nederland is de Koninklijke Houtvesterij Het Loo (9.800 ha), onderdeel van het Kroondomein Het Loo. Zulke uitgestrekte bosgebieden zijn zeldzaam: 38% van het Nederlandse bos, ofwel 135.820 hectare, bevindt zich op een terrein groter dan 100 hectare. Er is 101.000 hectare bos versnipperd over ruim 50.000 percelen van elk minder dan 10 hectare.
Versnippering wordt bestreden door ecoducten aan te leggen over wegen, of juist gangen of tunneltjes onder wegen, zodat dieren deze obstakels veilig kunnen passeren. Ook worden steeds meer landbouwgebieden omgevormd tot natuurgebied, bij uitstek wanneer deze gebieden de schakel tussen twee natuurgebieden vormen.
Bosherstel
In Nederland en België komen verschillende soorten bossen voor. Er is een onderscheid tussen natuurlijke bossen en productiebossen. Een ander onderscheid is op basis van het milieu waarop ze voorkomen zoals moerasbossen op veengronden en de ooibossen bossen langs rivieren.
- Naaldbossen komen voor in de gematigde gebieden waar het ’s winters koud is en de bodem minder voedzaam is: op zandgronden, op voedselarme gronden en hogere berghellingen tot aan de boomgrens. Naaldbomen hebben geen vlakke, maar naaldvormige bladeren. Vaak zijn in dezelfde koude klimaatzones ook veel berkenbossen. Berken zijn loofbomen die zeer goed bestand zijn tegen kou en arme grond.
- Loofbossen komen ook in de gematigde gebieden voor, waar het minder koud is en op lagere berghellingen. In de herfst verliezen ze hun bladeren.
In Nederland is circa 210.000 ha loofbos aanwezig. Ongeveer 10% daarvan is gemengd loof-naaldbos. Het bosbeleid is er op gericht de onderhoudskosten te reduceren en tegelijkertijd bossen in Nederland een meer natuurlijk en recreatief aantrekkelijk karakter te geven.
Maatregelen om het aandeel inheemse boomsoorten te vergroten worden gestimuleerd, evenals het vergroten van de variatie in leeftijdsklassen en soorten. Het bos als leverancier van hout is relatief minder belangrijk geworden.
Omdat er minder gekapt wordt en vrijwel niet meer grootschalig, krijgen vooral struiken meer kansen, groeit het bos dicht en wordt het op de bosbodem donkerder. Dit is af te leiden aan de toename van de ondergroei in de bossen en afname van lichtminnende planten en pioniersoorten. Met name hulst en bramen nemen in bedekking toe.
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